White Papers
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Technology Breakthrough Cuts SWRO Energy in Low Half power bill makes seawater desalination affordable As we have analyzed in published articles before, there are many factors influencing the sharp drop in desalination. To understand the real cost of desalinated water, let us examine some of the large 20-year desalination contracts awarded to “BOOT” investor/operators as part as the ongoing privatization boom worldwide.  Download PDF
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Energy Recovery Device Performance Analysis This paper presents the equations and considerations necessary to calculate energy use in SWRO systems equipped with ERI PX Pressure Exchanger technology. Download PDF
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One and a Half Membrane Stages – An Innovative Application for PX Pressure Exchanger Devices The author presents an innovative configuration for a two-stage reverse osmosis plant whereby the second stage is fed with both first-stage concentrate and high-pressure feed water from a PX device. Such a design is not a single stage, nor is it a full two-stage, hence the name “one-and-one-half stage.” Download PDF
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SWRO For Mining Applications - Efficiency, Flexibility and Reliability The authors present an overview of energy recovery devices for RO applications with examples drawn from several seawater applications, including a mining project in South Africa. Download PDF
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Sustainable Desalination of Seawater This paper describes seawater reverse osmosis processes, reviews the technologies used to minimize energy consumption and contrasts their efficacy. Download PDF
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Energy Recovery Devices in Reverse Osmosis This paper presents an overview of energy recovery devices for RO applications. Process energy consumption and operational flexibility are discussed. Simulations of RO system flows and pressures over a range of process conditions are considered with the goal of identifying opportunities for optimized system productivity and energy performance. Comparisons with operating RO systems are provided for verification. Download PDF
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Titan PX-1200 Energy Recovery Device – Test Results from the Inima Los Cabos Mexico Seawater RO Facility The authors present design considerations and performance results from the facility for the Titan device. These are compared to the performance of arrays of PX-220 devices also in operation in the facility. Download PDF
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Conserving Energy in Large-Scale SWRO Desalination Plants This paper provides an overview of energy recovery devices for RO applications and presents important design and operating information for large-scale SWRO. Process energy consumption and operational flexibility are discussed. Process dynamics and control through startup and shutdown scenarios are considered. “Lessons learned” from hundreds of successful plant commissions are shared with the goal of promoting SWRO as a reliable and affordable means of fresh water supply. Download PDF
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Energy Recovery Devices in Desalination Applications The author presents an overview of energy recovery devices for RO applications. Process energy consumption and operational flexibility are discussed. Cost benefit analyses are provided for example seawater and brackish systems to identify best available energy recovery technologies for various RO operating conditions. Download PDF
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Water Management in the Mining Industry – Energy Recovery Devices in Membrane Desalination Operations The author presents an overview of reverse osmosis with isobaric ERDs including considerations relevant to mining water applications. Key design and operational differences between SWRO with isobaric ERDs and centrifugal ERDs are discussed. Specific energy consumption projections with a number of available energy recovery devices are compared. Case studies drawn from several successful SWRO process retrofits are presented. Issues of potential concern including reliability, maintenance, downtime, and cost of ownership are addressed. Download PDF
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